نشریه رشد و یادگیری حرکتی - ورزشی
پیاپی 40 (تابستان 1399)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of PETTLEP imagery on accuracy and speed basketball pass. For these purpose 44 physical education students of University of Tehran with mean age of 22/45±2/3 participated in this study. In pre-test participant performed 2 blocks of 10 trials of accuracy and speed basketball pass. Then, they distributed in one of four groups homogeneously: accuracy pass PETTLEP imagery, speed pass PETTLEP imagery, accuracy control, and speed control. Two groups of imagery listened to audio during three days for 8 minutes. Then, subject did post-test, retention and transfer. Mixed ANOVA, independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance used with significant level P≤0.05. Statistical analysis results indicated that there was no significantly difference between imagery group and control group in pre-test. However, in post-test there was significantly difference (P≤0.05). Also PETTLEP imagery of accuracy and speed pass improved accuracy and speed pass performance from pre-test to retention significantly, however in transfer test there was no meaningfully difference (P≥0.05).

Concentration, or ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions, is a vital determinant of successful performance in sport. The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of Neurofeedback and Mindfulness Meditation interventions for Visual Continuous Performance Test in athletes. For this purpose, 45 young soccer players from the age range of 16 to 20 years old who were attended in the National football League of Iran were assigned to three groups (Alpha/Theta Neurofeedback, Mindfulness, and control). Athletes in Neurofeedback group received 12 sessions of Neurofeedback training and every session was 30 minutes, in Mindfulness group received 12 sessions of Mindfulness Meditation for sport and every session was 30 minutes. The Control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after interventions Visual Continuous Performance Test was used to collect data. The results of Mixed ANOVA and Repeated Measures ANOVA at significant level 0.05 showed Neurofeedback training and Mindfulness Meditation training significantly affected on all dimensions of Visual Continuous Performance Test (Omission, Commission, and Reaction Time) compared to the control group. Also, the results indicate that there is no significant difference between the two groups of neurofeedback and Mindfulness in the dimensions of the continuous visual performance test. The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of alpha/theta neurofeedback training and Mindfulness training as continuous visual performance improvement exercises compared with control group of young athletes.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the comparison of effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of vision and motor cortex on learning of basketball free throw. In semi-experimental study with repeated measure design, 45 novice female students in free throw (Earn score below 59 on Proficiency Level Test) an age range 18 to 30 years old and with normal eye and right hand accessibly selected and randomly located in three tDCS on vision cortex, tDCS on motor cortex and artificial stimulation groups. In pre test phase, participants 15 trial free throw. Intervention phase done in 6 consecutive days that each day electrical stimulation of the brain was performed the motor cortex (C3 anode & Fp2 anode), the visual cortex (Oz anode & Cz cathode) and artificial stimulation, and then participants performed 15 free throws. In last session post test phase executed. One week and 21 days after post test phase respectively executed short and long term retention phase. Data analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measure statistical method. The result indicated that tDCS on motor cortex (F= 16.90, sig =0.0001, η2 =0,547) and vision cortex (F= 7.41, sig =0.0001, η2 =0,346) significantly improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex than tDCS on vision cortex cause improvement basketball free throw (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS on motor cortex can be effective as a new training method in addition to physical training to improve free throw skills.

Retention is one of the important indicators for inference of learning motor skill. There are some disagreements on the retention evaluation concept among experts and researchers of the Motor learning area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the qualitative content of retention measurement concept in motion skills in Persian scientific research articles between years of 1388 to1398. The present study was developmental research and quality content analysis method. One hundred Fourty three articles of Farsi scientific research journals were studied, which mention the concept of retention. Analyzing data was performed with Nvivo10 software. Results revealed that there are forty-seven side topic and six main topic including measurement method of retention concept, Number and duration of retention test, he number and duration of the acquisition phase, the number of warm-up decrement attempts, tasks type and no-practice interval length about the retention measurement concept. Also, the results are indicating that there has been no agreement among experts about the measurement method of retention concept and its related issues. Not only this topic could lead to researcher’s confusion on how to measure the retention concept in Motor learning area, but it also limits the possibility of comparing different research results with each other and makes it hard for decision making on solutions and optimal practice methods. Therefore, it is necessary to make specific decisions in this regard by holding symposiums with the participation of experts in the field of motor behavior.

It has been invented a many techniques to enhancement of sport performance nowadays which used by athletes in different fields. Between these techniques, neurofeedback, as a noninvasive brain method, has paid much attention to itself. Many studies have investigated the effectiveness of neurofeedback training on sport performance enhancement that finds different results. The present study has done to report investigated researches by accessible sampling in athlete’s discrete skills. First, English articles have been searched by keywords like “neurofeedback” and “EEG Neurofedback” and “sport performance”, athletic performance”, “shooting performance”, “archery”, “putting performance” and “Golf”. The articles have been gathered in PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of science, EBSCO and Google Scholar. Meta-analysis and review articles added too. Time perid of articles was 1990 to 2020. Persian articles with same keywords in SID, Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc were searched. Time period was 2001 to 2020. By related keywords, a number of 16 studies have been chosen in related to the criteria of the research. Then the results of any research extracted by any of authors and reported in findings. Results showed that different recruited neurofeedback protocols in any study can effect on the results of the studies and it is necessary to pay attention in athletes. Based on the findings of the study it can be concluded that neurofeedback training has positive effects on sport performance enhancement.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of shooting training with air gun on aggression in adolescent girls. This study was semi-experimental including pretest, posttest with a control group. 30 female aggressive students (age: 16±1.1 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Buss and Perry (1992) aggression questionnaire was used to evaluate aggression. The experimental group participated in shooting training for 12 sessions (each session 60 minutes) under a coach's supervision. After the last training session, the two groups participated in the posttest. The results of the two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that shooting training significantly reduced aggression, verbal aggression, hostility and anger but shooting training had no significant effect on physical aggression. It seems that shooting training has an atmosphere and characteristics that can play an important role in producing calmness and reducing aggression.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive empowerment on working memory and observational learning of dart throwing skill in children. Forty 10-11 years students were voluntarily and availably selected. This study was performed in two phases. In the first phase, cognitive enhancement was performed and in the second phase observational learning of dart throwing skill was performed. In the first phase, the pre-test was performed and groups were matched based on age and pre-test scores and they were divided into two homogenies groups (n=20) of cognitive exercise and no cognitive exercise. The cognitive group was given 8 sessions (45 minutes) of cognitive empowerment training. Then both groups received cognitive test. The cognitive tests were performed using Corsiblack software to measure working memory. In the second phase of the study, each of the first phase groups were divided into two groups of 10 observational + physical and physical groups. After dart throwing skill pre-test, dart throwing training in the form of observational and physical training was performed( 3 sections of 20 throwing). The observation + physical group in addition to the dart throwing training observe the skilled model of dart throwing through video. Then posttest was performed at the end of the second phase. Cognitive + observational + physical group performed significantly better on the dart post-test than the other groups. Results showed cognitive training also had a significant effect on learning through observation on dart throwing skills.

Children with autism are prone to poor balance, postural stability, and postural abnormalities due to inactivity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kangoojump training on the balance function of high functioning children with autism spectrum disorder.

The method of this study was quasi-experimental. Among children with autism in the Autism Association and Autism Schools in Tehran, twenty people selected using screening tests, after measuring balance performance as a pre-test, randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control). The experimental group performed Kangoo jumps for eight weeks and three sessions per week, and in the end, all subjects were re-tested by measuring Balance performance. To investigate the natural distribution of research data, the Shapiro-Wilk test is used, and to test the research hypothesis, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used using Spss software.

The findings of the present study showed that performing Kangoo jumps in the intervention group significantly improved balance function in children with autism. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the results of the control group and the experimental group in the post-test stage.

Based on the results, Kangoojump exercises can be useful to improve the balance function of children with autism. Therefore, the use of this type of activity is recommended as an appropriate intervention method for children with autism.